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[Music]

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huge have a simmer from a throne in the

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Netherlands

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first I'd like to thank the organizers

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for giving me an opportunity to talk

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here today today I attract talk about us

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effects of UV radiation intensity

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metallicity and at a diffusion on

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transmission spectre of raising the

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point atmosphere first as you know this

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end of elevation of transmission Spectre

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reveal the diversity of transmission

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spectrum this is a figure from simulator

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2016 and this shows the transmission

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spectrum 10 hot Jupiters region peroxide

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shows a variance in micron avoid the

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body car access to the normalized

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hundred tips you can see that some of

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the top comments show the various tax

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capturing slope in the optical on the

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other hand is an infrared wavelength

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change cumshaw very distinct molecular

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absorption features water or summer

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temperatures some spectrum a very flat

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of features this first has big trucks

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sedessa existence of also the anatomist

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feels an exact on it there are two types

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of errors on occasion crowds in the

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photochemical haze in this stop I'd like

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to focus on hydrocarbon hate particles

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this week we explain the production

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process of hydrocarbon haze first first

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because I Marie Curie's of hydrocarbon

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Heiser created through photochemical

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reaction triggered by the association of

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missing then particle growth takes place

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and desserts in large haze particles in

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calcium and liqui 2018 we models of heat

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formation processes was for the

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chemistry and math or physics fusing the

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photochemical model week we derive the

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distribution of the Crafar molecules of

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haze particles and also using the drive

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distribution of picasa workers we mode

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other we derive the haze distribution in

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the atmosphere also i model the

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transmission spectrum model in this talk

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I drag to explore the effect over in

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fact of UV radiation intensity

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me thirsty and Eddie diffusion because

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these three parameters are very

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important of hope haze formation

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let me describe our models briefly

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illustrate by directors so I will use

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the three model photochemical model

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microphysical model and trans solution

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Spectre which we developed in the

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previous paper Kojima and Akuma 2018

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first row photochemical model we

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consider 29 species compulsives height

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of how these five elements carbon

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hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and helium we

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consider 300 some chemical and 16 for

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the chemical reactions at four

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temperature pressure profile we used the

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analytical solution of giro 2010 and 4

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UV spectrum we use the constructed UV

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spectrum for digital 14 by majored by

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young broad I to 2016 who Android - math

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we take the solar beam element that

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abundance ratio from dota 2003 and ER

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for the diffusion coefficient we assume

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this body for the finish okay

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and next for Michael physical model

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really dives the distribution of hates

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particles of multiple sided by

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considering particle girls sedimentation

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and Eddy diffusion transport and former

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on production date so monomer is the

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minimum size of the particles considered

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inside the model we consider no

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production rate as a sum of the photo

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sociation lays of his precursors machine

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HC and an c2h2

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finally for transmission spectrum we

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culture 800 steps at each wavelength

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with this equation we calculate the

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opacity of each molecule using the

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hydrent database and for disrupting the

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subpage particles we use a measured

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value of Kure atoll 1984 before going to

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the details of the results I direct the

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first explain the show the results for

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the whole chemical reaction certificates

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to chemical calculations for the video

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showcase so the left here shows the

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distribution of oil mixing ratio each

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molecule as a function Christian in

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Perth in the light high gear shows the

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free association rate of each molecule

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also as a functional pearl you can see

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that hydrogen Co 800 and NH 3 are the

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major Serfdom observers via for

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dissociation or so amudha hate

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precursors and

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mission at she and and c2h2 city like to

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photo because it most

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in spite of with lowest abundance this

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is because unlike missing an HCl Seto

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Eckstein can use lower energy photons

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for its photodissociation next I drag

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move on to the show the results of the

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dependence of the transmission Specter

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on UV radiation intensity first so these

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two figures shows the distribution of

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Gaza species for high UV radiation

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intensity case and low UV radiation

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intensity case as you expect for high UV

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radiation intensity case but chemistry

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occurs very efficiently on the other

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hand for low UV radiation intensity case

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for chemistry occurs very is very

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inefficient and the very mixing ratio of

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each molecules are almost determined by

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mixing and as for the presentation light

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of this dissociation rate of each

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molecule you see that the for the

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Association lights of each molecule is a

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larger for high UV radiation intensity

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case because of their larger incoming

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photon flux and for the free association

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lights of the haze precursor

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you see that for high UV radiation

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intensity case the production of the

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assertion late of rates because of the

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also larger so in summary production

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rate is magical you will high UV

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radiation intensity case and smaller for

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all UV radiation intensity and these two

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figures shows the distribution of haze

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particles for high UV radiation

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intensity case and low UV radiation test

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again first the vertical axis shows a

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pressure in bow and the mid range or the

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average particle radius so it orange

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rinds through the number density of a

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particle also I quote the green abnormal

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production rate with green lines and

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there must density of each particle size

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with built our country you see that for

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high UV radiation intensity case force

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the average radius and there must

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density are larger that is just because

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the mana production rate is higher for

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higher validation dense ticket on the

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other hand follow a bit oriental

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intensity case you see that for the

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radius and the mass density are very

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small because the Merle production rate

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is small

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there is abundant for high UV radiation

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intensification less abundant follow you

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with a new patient and this figure shows

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transmission spectrum for different new

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validation intense tickets from the UV

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radiation intensity case to high UV

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radiation intensity case you see that

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the differences in you'll be duration

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intensity can explain is recently

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observed diversity of transmission

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spectra so in the optical wavelength

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lens the load to model gob duration

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intensity shows the ladies scattering

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drop in the optical on the other hand is

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a near-infrared wavelengths range from

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low UV radiation intensity culture of

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social features endured in their

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spectrum on the other hand high UV

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radiation in testicles the spectrum are

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very feature a soft next I'd reckon will

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bone to the second parameter atmospheric

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matter is the effect so these two

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figures show distribution of got a

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species for once our case and 100

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Sorachi

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as you expect the indicator one

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hundredth or a meter stick case for you

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mixing reaches of all the molecules

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other than hydrogen helium are increased

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and next to these two figures show the

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distribution of water association rates

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of each molecule for one surah and 100

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kilometers decayed you see that in 100

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solar matter istic case the carbon

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monoxide and nh3

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h2o and hydrogen and OH - OH -

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dissociation rate the larger competitor

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one Caracas because their their

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abundances I increased so for his

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precursors put on ceiling the effects by

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these molecules so water carbon monoxide

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a CO 2 and also existing Qatar higher

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altitudes and the highest rates

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precursors are increased so because of

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this photon serving the effect we found

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that for the Association late of his

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precursor the smaller for 100 surah met

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Arista case even though their burner has

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increased so we found the production

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rate of the heat precursors are smaller

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for higher me thirsty even though the

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abundances are increased and this figure

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solution spectrum for different

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atmospheric metallicity so the Green

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Line shows that once order tensor 100

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surah and 1000 kilometer is dictated and

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the secret show that the sector for the

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hazy case where the field lines should

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have return with haste free cake in the

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horizontal axis of the wavelength in

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micron why the vertical axis upon the

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depth in percent we find that a little

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reshot wavelength

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I mean arrest and a few micron we found

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that absorption features are more the

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largest for moderate matter stick such

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as 100 kilometer ski this is because of

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the two competing effect one is for

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action lake and the other one is of

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atmospheric scale height because we

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found that the birth of production leg

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and the atmospheric scale height as Mora

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for high emitter st so because of this

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true effect we found that there Adam

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absorption features are the largest for

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the moderate emitters to such as 100

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kilometers decays or so further on the

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other hand for the long wavelength

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region we found the dependence is his

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daughter simple because a hates particle

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does not affect the long wavelength so

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much we just found their absorption

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features a larger for though I'm thirsty

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and so you might have a real writer

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dependence we have found it and opposite

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from that those found recently found

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from the experiments so this thing is

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shows this figure is from horse data

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2080 and they conducted their experiment

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and major the production rate of hates

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particles inside the chamber as a

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function of temperature enemy turistic

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they found that the production rate of

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each particle States particles are

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higher for high emitters T on the other

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hand we showed that the production

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ladies as more of a higher me thirsty

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this is because of the production the

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mechanism weakens considered or taking

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place is different so for first for

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chemistry or the chemistry of currying

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the inn's experiments are very complex

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on the other hand the chemistry we can

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model either wrote a simple I would say

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and also on the other hand was a

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vertical effect which we found it's very

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important and is not considered need in

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experiment and we found the director for

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the mothering

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consider these effects so I drag the

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point about her point out the combining

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both experiments and mutterings are very

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important even though it's not so easy

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to combine these two different

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approaches so we have to seek out a way

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next I drag to move on to the third

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parameter so Eddy diffusion coefficient

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these two figures show the distribution

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of hates particles further fiducial ad

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diffusion coefficient case and write a

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diffusion coefficient case again the

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vertical axis shows the pressure in bar

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and the red line shows average particle

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radius and the orange rinds for the

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average number of density they also

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brought the mass production 100

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production rate with green lines and

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must dance field hates particles of each

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height with a blue car culture you see

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that therefore larger the diffusion

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coefficient case we found that a balsam

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reached radius and the mass density of

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its particles are smaller this is

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because of the ad diffusion transport we

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found that the efficient dating huge of

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time diffusion transpose a Higgs

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particle downward rocketry so it means

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are it remove the particles from the

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upper atmosphere we also know there's a

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transmission spectrum whatever so there

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again the horizontal axis shows the

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wavelength in my chrome and vertical

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axis of the front legs in percent and

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the Green Line shows a spectrum for the

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future Eddy diffusion coefficient case

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for a purple range other smaller any

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diffusion coefficient we found for the

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large I diffusion coefficient case it

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produces a very distinct very scattering

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slope in the optical this comes from the

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very steep gradient of the mixing

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Malaysia for his part according

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atmosphere also you see that there are

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not so much difference between the

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dispositional case and Lloyd case this

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is because for this for these barriers

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with any diffusion coefficient D

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diffusion transport that not pray alone

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for the resolution of his particles so

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I'd rather summarize my talk we explored

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expectable UV radiation intensity

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metallicity and edit region transmission

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spectral hastings opponent atmosphere

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first for a new regeneration intensity

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we found that the differences in UV

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radiation intensity can explain the

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diversity of transmission spectra

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next for Atmospheric mattress T we found

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that our social features are the

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brightest for modern mattress T at short

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wavelength but we have to me I have to

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project a point out that we need to

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combine both experiments and modernise

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very carefully and they're finally for

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the diffusion coefficient we have found

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that extended in each region produce

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very discreet Rayleigh scattering syrup

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in the optical thanks so talk have

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actually two small questions so firstly

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when you change the solar flux intensity

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did you do it in a steady state

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conditions did it try to model like

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pulse like increases in in solar

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radiation and if so does it have any

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lasting effects on the composition so I

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just as from the steady-state conditions

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so but I want so I think there are

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chemical timescale for height formation

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it's very small so if they're like the

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days are like free of a coaster I think

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it can affect time to a chemistry to

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some extent but I found the distribution

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of haze particles are it take the time

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scale for the height particle goes that

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much larger so I think are so I think

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that it takes about almost one year from

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the top rope atmosphere to Delta at the

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lower atmosphere so I think

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unfortunately so for haze particles

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unless the production rate is very large

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I think they're where you be free does

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not impact the spectra so much and

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actually on the timescale question is

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the is using a de diffusion

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a good approximation for such model in

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terms of what are they timescales of

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diffusion versus the you know UV

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irradiation for this atmosphere so they

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do different transport times care is

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very large compared to the Michael time

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scale so it's like the Muslim in one

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year or so it's very large thank you

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that was really interesting work so is

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that do we know the the UV fluxes from

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the stars and the sing at all sample and

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is the variance in UV flux so the star

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is comparable to what you did in your

378
00:16:27,499 --> 00:16:25,319
simulations so you basically showed that

379
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you could explain the sing the variance

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in the transmission spectra from the

381
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sing it all paper by varying the UV

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irradiation and do we know the UV flux

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impinging on those different planets so

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currently we only know the likes of town

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what's one thing we know that you

386
00:16:48,470 --> 00:16:46,829
respect them for only 10 foresters then

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00:16:51,680 --> 00:16:48,480
for any

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hoster of 10 watts the planets or so so

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00:16:56,600 --> 00:16:54,510
we don't so we cannot over the UV

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00:17:00,110 --> 00:16:56,610
spectrum for the very distinct distinct

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00:17:02,990 --> 00:17:00,120
stir stir but I think there if there so

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00:17:05,059 --> 00:17:03,000
if the test discover the nearest

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00:17:08,539 --> 00:17:05,069
exponents very much I think we can I

394
00:17:10,280 --> 00:17:08,549
think the sample through poster the UV

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00:17:13,159 --> 00:17:10,290
spectrum sebacean we do increased so I

396
00:17:19,220 --> 00:17:13,169
think we can export more about so you be

397
00:17:21,500 --> 00:17:19,230
effect hi this is really interesting

398
00:17:24,559 --> 00:17:21,510
effect that you see the rivers were in

399
00:17:26,809 --> 00:17:24,569
the in the experiments mama tht means

400
00:17:30,710 --> 00:17:26,819
more haze and in the rivers in the mall

401
00:17:33,049 --> 00:17:30,720
do you think it's due to the more

402
00:17:35,600 --> 00:17:33,059
complex chemistry or do you think it's

403
00:17:38,090 --> 00:17:35,610
more due to a shielding effect from the

404
00:17:41,899 --> 00:17:38,100
upper atmosphere that is not in the

405
00:17:44,180 --> 00:17:41,909
experiment so I think further I think

406
00:17:46,520 --> 00:17:44,190
that there's several effects being is

407
00:17:49,280 --> 00:17:46,530
possible for the different of Jack's

408
00:17:50,960 --> 00:17:49,290
odour first I'd like to say that for

409
00:17:52,850 --> 00:17:50,970
experiments sure there

410
00:17:54,650 --> 00:17:52,860
production rate is higher for higher

411
00:17:56,630 --> 00:17:54,660
metallicity and this means our

412
00:17:59,090 --> 00:17:56,640
conversion efficiencies the conversion

413
00:18:01,340 --> 00:17:59,100
rate since I counted missing two final

414
00:18:04,370 --> 00:18:01,350
hydrocarbon highs are higher Roger for

415
00:18:06,440 --> 00:18:04,380
Roger for higher metallicity and this

416
00:18:08,930 --> 00:18:06,450
thing because we cannot are in this in

417
00:18:11,030 --> 00:18:08,940
our motoring we just assume they're 100%

418
00:18:13,940 --> 00:18:11,040
cover under and conversion efficiency

419
00:18:16,190 --> 00:18:13,950
because we don't know their dependence

420
00:18:18,650 --> 00:18:16,200
on their metallicity and also i'd like

421
00:18:20,720 --> 00:18:18,660
to say the third for the body core

422
00:18:22,910 --> 00:18:20,730
effect cannot be considering in the

423
00:18:24,940 --> 00:18:22,920
experiment so the further but photon

424
00:18:27,410 --> 00:18:24,950
shielding effect i found it either

425
00:18:29,990 --> 00:18:27,420
larger for hi Amit aristov so i think

426
00:18:31,670 --> 00:18:30,000
this is a opposite completing effects so